Vesperidae |
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Vesperus strepens (Fabricius, 1792) |
Klasifikasi ilmiah |
Kerajaan: | Animalia |
Filum: | Arthropoda |
Kelas: | Insecta |
Ordo: | oleoptera |
Subordo: | Polyphaga |
Superfamili: | Chrysomeloidea |
Famili: | Vesperidae
Mulsant, 1839 |
Subfamilia |
- Anoplodermatinae
- Philinae
- Vesperinae
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Vesperidae adalah suatu familia kecil dalam ordo (biologi) kumbang (Coleoptera), khususnya dalam subordo Polyphaga. Umumnya digolongkan di dalam familia Cerambycidae, dari aspek heterogen, tetapi semua bercirikan tingkatan larva pada akar-akar tumbuhan atau pepohonan herbaceous.
Morfologi
Dewasa
Kumbang dewasa nokturnal bercirikan warna coklat tanah (brown-testaceous), sayap brachypterous atau apterous (khususnya pada betina) dan physogastry pada betina. Sejumlah genera tropis (Pathocerus) memiliki antena seperti sisir, yang lain (Hypocephalus) antenanya sangat pendek. Sejumlah genera, seperti Brazilian Migdolus memiliki mandible yang berkembang baik, sperti kumbang jantan dari Parandra dan Spondylis (keduanya dari familia Cerambycidae), sementara lainnya, seperti kumbang jantan dari genus Hypocephalus, mempunyai mandible yang sangat termodifikasi.
Larva
Larva mempunyai adaptasi untuk hidup di bawah tanah (subterranean). Khususnya, genus Vesperus di Mediterranea mempunyai larva bercirikan hypermetamorphosis unik. Larva I mempunyai aspek normal seperti cacing (meskipun bercirikan setae yang panjangnya abnormal), sementara pada stadia berikutnya mempunyai aspek berbentuk C, yang terlihat mirip dengan larva dari Melolonthinae.
Sistematika
Familia ini meliputi 3 subfamili:
Dahulu, Vesperini ditempatkan di dalam Lepturinae, Anoplodermatini di dalam Prioninae[1] dan Philini merupakan grup misterius yang dikaitkan dengan Prioninae.[2] Sejumlah ciri larva unik genus Vesperus menyebabkan sejumlah pakar memisahkan mereka sebagai suatu subfamili dan kemudian sebagai suatu familia tersendiri.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Pada tahun 1997 Švácha, Wang & Chen mengenai kemiripan morfologi di antara ketiga grup ini dalam stadia larva.[12] Penelitian selanjutnya pada analisis kromosom membuktikan perbedaan kuat dari Cerambycidae.[13]
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ LAMEERE A., 1913 - Cerambycidae: Prioninae - Coleopterorum Catalogus 52, S. Schenkling, Berlin, 108 pp.
- ^ GAHAN C. J., - Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera Cerambycidae I - Taylor and Francis Ed., London, 329 pp. PDF [1]
- ^ Bense U., 1995 - Longhorn beetles. Illustrated key to the Cerambycidae and Vesperidae of Europe - Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, 512 pp. "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 29, 2007. Diakses tanggal July 7, 2008.
- ^ San Martín A. F., Bregana M., Irurzun J. I. R. 1997 - Nuevos datos sobre la fauna navarra de longicornios (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae & Vesperidae) - Zapateri: revista aragonesa de entomología 7: 191-208 [2]
- ^ Jenis I., 2001 - Long-Horned Beetles Distenidae, Oxypeltidae, Vesperidae, Anoplodermatidae & Cerambycidae I, Vesperidae and Cerambycidae of Europe I, A. Regulus, Zlin, 333 pp. [3]
- ^ Vanin S. A. & Ide S., 2002 - Classificação comentada de Coleoptera - III. Marco sistemático del proyecto Pribes 2002 PDF [4]
- ^ Brustel H., Berger P. & Cocquempot C. 2002 Catalogue des Vesperidae et des Cerambycidae de la faune de France (Coleoptera) - Annales de la Societé entomologique de France (N. S.) 38 (4): 443-461 PDF [5]
- ^ Dias M. M. 2004 - Novas ocorrências e descrição da fêmea de Mysteria darwini (Lameere) (Coleoptera, Vesperidae, Anoplodermatinae) - Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 48 (1): 141-143 PDF [6]
- ^ Lin, M. Y., Chen, S. K., & Chang, H. Y. 2004. - Morphological and ecological studies of Philus antennatus - Plant Prot. Bull. 46: 177-180 PDF [7]
- ^ Machado L. A., Habib M., Leite L. G. & Mendes J. M. 2006 - Estudos ecológicos e comportamentais de Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) (Coleoptera: Vesperidae), em cultura de cana-de-açúcar, em quatro municípios do estado de São Paulo - Arquivos Do Instituto Biologico (São Paulo), 73 (2): 227-233 PDF [8]
- ^ Machado L. A. & Habib M., 2006 - Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) (Coleoptera: Vesperidae): praga da cultura de cana-de-açúcar - Arquivos Do Instituto Biologico (São Paulo), 73 (3): 375-381 PDF [9]
- ^ ŠVÁCHA P., WANG J. J. & CHEN S. C. (1997) Larval morphology and biology of Philus antennatus and Heterophilus punctulatus, and systematic position of the Philinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Vesperidae). Annales de la Societé entomologique de France (N. S.) 33 (3): 323-369.
- ^ DUTRILLAUX A. M., MOULIN S. & DUTRILLAUX B. (2007) Presence d’un caryotype tres original a 53-54 chromosomes chez Vesperus xatarti Mulsant 1839 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae:Vesperinae). Annales de la Societé entomologique de France (N. S.) 43 (1): 81-86. Available in PDF [10]
Pranala luar
- Gallery of world-wide Vesperidae
- Gallery of Anoplodermatinae Diarsipkan 2009-05-26 di Wayback Machine.
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Upaordo Archostemata |
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- Crowsoniellidae (Crowsoniella relicta)
- Cupedidae (reticulated beetles)
- Jurodidae (Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae)
- Micromalthidae (telephone-pole beetle)
- Ommatidae
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Upaordo Adephaga |
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- Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles)
- Aspidytidae
- Carabidae (ground beetles)
- Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles)
- Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles)
- Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)
- Hygrobiidae
- Meruidae (Meru phyllisae)
- Noteridae (burrowing water beetles)
- Rhysodidae (wrinkled bark beetles)
- Trachypachidae (false ground beetles)
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Upaordo Myxophaga |
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- Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles)
- Lepiceridae
- Sphaeriusidae
- Torridincolidae
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Bostrichiformia | Bostrichoidea | - Anobiidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles)
- Bostrichidae (auger beetles)
- Dermestidae (skin beetles)
- Jacobsoniidae (Jacobson's beetles)
- Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles)
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Derodontoidea | - Derodontidae (tooth-necked fungus beetles)
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Cucujiformia | Chrysomeloidea | - Cerambycidae (kumbang tanduk panjang)
- Chrysomelidae (kumbang daun)
- Disteniidae
- Megalopodidae
- Orsodacnidae
- Oxypeltidae
- Vesperidae
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Cleroidea | - Acanthocnemidae (Acanthocnemus nigricans)
- Chaetosomatidae
- Cleridae (checkered beetles)
- Melyridae (soft-wing flower beetles)
- Phloiophilidae (Phloiophilus edwardsi)
- Phycosecidae
- Prionoceridae
- Trogossitidae (bark-gnawing beetles)
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Cucujoidea | - Alexiidae
- Biphyllidae (false skin beetles)
- Boganiidae
- Bothrideridae (dry bark beetles)
- Byturidae (fruitworm beetles)
- Cavognathidae
- Cerylonidae (minute bark beetles)
- Coccinellidae (kumbang koksi)
- Corylophidae (minute fungus beetles)
- Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles)
- Cucujidae (flat bark beetles)
- Cyclaxyridae
- Discolomatidae
- Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles)
- Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles)
- Helotidae
- Hobartiidae
- Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles)
- Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles)
- Lamingtoniidae (Lamingtonium binnaberrense)
- Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles)
- Monotomidae (root-eating beetles)
- Myraboliidae
- Nitidulidae (sap beetles)
- Passandridae (parasitic flat bark beetles)
- Phalacridae (shining flower beetles)
- Phloeostichidae
- Propalticidae
- Protocucujidae
- Silvanidae (silvanid flat bark beetles)
- Smicripidae (palmetto beetles)
- Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles)
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Curculionoidea (weevils) | - Anthribidae (fungus weevils)
- Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils)
- Belidae (primitive weevils)
- Brentidae (straight snout weevils, New York weevil)
- Caridae
- Curculionidae (true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles)
- Nemonychidae (pine flower weevils)
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Lymexyloidea | - Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles)
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Tenebrionoidea | - Aderidae (ant-like leaf beetles)
- Anthicidae (ant-like flower beetles)
- Archeocrypticidae (cryptic fungus beetles)
- Boridae (conifer bark beetles)
- Chalcodryidae
- Ciidae (minute tree-fungus beetles)
- Melandryidae (false darkling beetles)
- Meloidae (blister beetles)
- Mordellidae (tumbling flower beetles)
- Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles)
- Mycteridae (palm and flower beetles)
- Oedemeridae (false blister beetle)
- Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae
- Prostomidae (jugular-horned beetles)
- Pterogeniidae
- Pyrochroidae (fire-coloured beetles)
- Pythidae (dead log bark beetles)
- Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles)
- Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles)
- Scraptiidae (false flower beetles)
- Stenotrachelidae (false longhorn beetles)
- Synchroidae (synchroa bark beetles)
- Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)
- Tetratomidae (polypore fungus beetles)
- Trachelostenidae
- Trictenotomidae
- Ulodidae
- Zopheridae (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles)
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Elateriformia | Buprestoidea | - Buprestidae (jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles)
- Schizopodidae
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Byrrhoidea | - Byrrhidae (pill beetles)
- Callirhipidae (cedar beetles)
- Chelonariidae (turtle beetles)
- Cneoglossidae
- Dryopidae (long-toed water beetles)
- Elmidae (riffle beetles)
- Eulichadidae (forest stream beetles)
- Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles)
- Limnichidae (minute mud beetles)
- Lutrochidae (travertine beetles)
- Psephenidae (water-penny beetles)
- Ptilodactylidae
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Dascilloidea | - Dascillidae (soft bodied plant beetles)
- Rhipiceridae (cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles)
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Elateroidea | - Anischiidae
- Artematopodidae (soft-bodied plant beetles)
- Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles)
- Cantharidae (soldier beetles)
- Cerophytidae (rare click beetles)
- Drilidae
- Elateridae (click beetles)
- Eucnemidae (false click beetles)
- Lampyridae (kunang-kunang)
- Lycidae (net-winged beetles)
- Omalisidae
- Omethidae (false fireflies)
- Phengodidae (glowworm beetles, long-lipped beetles)
- Plastoceridae (Plastocerus angulosus)
- Podabrocephalidae
- Rhagophthalmidae
- Rhinorhipidae (Rhinorhipus tamborinensis)
- Throscidae (false metallic wood-boring beetles)
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Scirtoidea | - Clambidae
- Decliniidae (Declinia relicta)
- Eucinetidae (plate-thigh beetles)
- Scirtidae
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Scarabaeiformia | Scarabaeoidea | - Belohinidae (Belohina inexpectata)
- Bolboceratidae
- Ceratocanthidae
- Diphyllostomatidae (false stag beetles)
- Geotrupidae (dor beetles)
- Glaphyridae (bumble bee scarab beetles)
- Glaresidae (enigmatic scarab beetles)
- Hybosoridae (scavenger scarab beetles)
- Lucanidae (stag beetles)
- Ochodaeidae (sand-loving scarab beetles)
- Passalidae (betsy beetles)
- Pleocomidae (rain beetles)
- Scarabaeidae (scarab)
- Trogidae (hide beetles)
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Staphyliniformia | Histeroidea | - Histeridae (clown beetles)
- Sphaeritidae (false clown beetles)
- Synteliidae
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Hydrophiloidea | - Epimetopidae
- Georissidae (minute mud-loving beetles)
- Helophoridae
- Hydrochidae
- Hydrophilidae (kumbang air)
- Spercheidae
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Staphylinoidea | - Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles)
- Hydraenidae
- Leiodidae (round fungus beetles)
- Ptiliidae (feather-winged beetles)
- Scydmaenidae (ant-like stone beetles)
- Silphidae (carrion beetles)
- Staphylinidae (rove beetles)
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Daftar subgrup ordo Coleoptera |