George F. Kennan
14 Mei 1952 – 19 September 1952
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Alan G. Kirk
Charles E. Bohlen
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16 Mei 1961 – 28 Juli 1963
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Karl L. Rankin
Charles Burke Elbrick
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(1904-02-16)16 Februari 1904
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Princeton, New Jersey
Ilmuwan politik
Penulis
- (1996) Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class (en)
- (1989) Presidential Medal of Freedom
- (1982) Peace Prize of the German Publishers' and Booksellers' Association (en)
- (1981) Albert Einstein Peace Prize (en)
- (1968) National Book Award (en)
- (1968) Pulitzer Prize for Biography (en)
- (1957) National Book Award (en)
- (1957) Pulitzer Prize for History (en)
- (1957) Francis Parkman Prize (en)
- (1957) Bancroft Prize (en)
- Library of Congress Living Legend (en)
- Annenberg Award for Excellence in Diplomacy (en)
- Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts order (en)
- Four Freedoms Award – Freedom from Fear (en)
- Pacem in Terris Award (en)
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George Frost Kennan (16 Februari 1904 – 17 Maret 2005) adalah penasihat, diplomat, dan sejarawan Amerika Serikat yang dikenal sebagai pengusung kebijakan pembendungan ekspansi Soviet pada akhir Perang Dunia II. Ia kemudian menarik dukungannya dari kebijakan tersebut. Ia sering menyampaikan kuliah dan menulis sejarah hubungan antara Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat. Ia juga merupakan salah satu tokoh kebijakan luar negeri yang tergabung dalam "The Wise Men".
Pada akhir 1940-an, tulisan-tulisannya menjadi inspirasi bagi Doktrin Truman dan kebijakan "membendung" Uni Soviet. "Telegram Panjang" yang dikirim Kennan[1] dari Moskwa tahun 1946 dan artikel "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" tahun 1947 menyebutkan bahwa pemerintah Soviet pada dasarnya ekspansionis dan pengaruhnya harus "dibendung" di daerah-daerah yang strategis dan vital bagi Amerika Serikat. Tulisan Kennan menjadi alasan bagi kebijakan anti-Soviet Harry S. Truman. Kennan memainkan peran penting dalam pengembangan program dan lembaga Perang Dingin seperti Rencana Marshall.
Tidak lama setelah konsepnya dijadikan kebijiakan A.S., Kennan mulai mengkritik kebijakan luar negeri yang ia rintis. Menjelang berakhirnya tahun 1948, Kennan yakin bahwa dialog yang positif dapat dibina dengan pemerintah Soviet. Usulannya tidak diterima oleh pemerintahan Truman dan pengaruh Kennan dipinggirkan, apalagi setelah Dean Acheson diangkat sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri tahun 1949. Tidak lama kemudian, strategi Perang Dunia A.S. semakin asertif dan militeristik sehingga Kennan merasa penilaiannya tidak dipertimbangkan.
Pada tahun 1950, Kennan keluar dari Departemen Luar Negeri—kecuali pada dua tugas perwakilan singkat di Moskwa dan Yugoslavia—dan menjadi tokoh realis yang mengkritik kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat. Ia menjadi ilmuwan hubungan internasional di Institute for Advanced Study sejak tahun 1956 sampai meninggal dunia pada usia 101 tahun.
Ia merupakan anggota dewan pendiri Rothermere American Institute di Universitas Oxford.[2]
Buku biografi
George Kennan: A Writing Life karya Lee Congdon merupakan biografi intelektual Kennan yang diterbitkan oleh ISI Books.[3]
Biografi lainnya, George F. Kennan: An American Life, ditulis oleh John Lewis Gaddis dan diterbitkan tahun 2011 oleh Penguin.
Karya
- "X" (July 1947), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", Foreign Affairs, 25 (4): 566–582, doi:10.2307/20030065, ISSN 0015-7120, JSTOR 20030065
- Kennan, George F. (1948), Policy Planning Study (PPS) 23, Washington D.C., diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-28, diakses tanggal 2015-05-16
- Kennan, George F. (1951), American Diplomacy, 1900–1950, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, OCLC 466719
- Kennan, George F. (1954), Realities of American Foreign Policy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, OCLC 475829
- Kennan, George F. (1956), Russia Leaves the War, Princeton: Princeton University Press, OCLC 1106320
- Kennan, George F. (1956), "The Sisson Documents," Journal of Modern History v. 28 (June, 1956), 130-54
- Kennan, George F. (1958), The Decision to Intervene, Princeton: Princeton University Press, OCLC 1106303
- Kennan, George F. (1958), Russia, the Atom, and the West, New York: Harper, OCLC 394718
- Kennan, George F. (1961), Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, OCLC 253164
- Kennan, George F. (1967), Memoirs: 1925–1950, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, OCLC 484922 .
- Kennan, George F. (1968), From Prague after Munich: Diplomatic Papers, 1938–1940, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-05620-X
- Kennan, George F. (1968), Democracy and the Student Left, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, ISBN 978-0-09-095070-6
- Kennan, George F. (1971), The Marquis de Custine and his "Russia in 1839", Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-05187-9
- Kennan, George F. (1972), Memoirs: 1950–1963, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, OCLC 4047526 .
- Kennan, George F. (1978), The Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of American Foreign Policy, London: Hutchinson, ISBN 0-09-132140-9
- Kennan, George F. (1979), The Decline of Bismarck's European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875–1890, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-05282-4
- Kennan, George F. (1982), The Nuclear Delusion: Soviet-American Relations in the Atomic Age, New York: Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-52946-4
- Kennan, George F. (1984), The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia, and the Coming of the First World War, New York: Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-53494-8
- Kennan, George F. (1989), Sketches from a Life, New York: Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-57504-0
- Kennan, George F. (1993), Around the Cragged Hill: A Personal and Political Philosophy, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31145-7
- Kennan, George F. (1996), At a Century's Ending: Reflections 1982–1995, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31609-2
- Kennan, George F. (2000), An American Family: The Kennans, the First Three Generations, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-05034-3
- Kennan, George F. (2014), The Kennan Diaries, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-07327-0
Lihat pula
- Asal usul Perang Dingin
- Perang Dingin (1947–1953)
- Pejuang dingin
- George F. Kennan: An American Life (biografi tahun 2011)
- Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies
Catatan kaki
- ^ Keene, George. "Photocopy of Long Telegram -- Truman Library" (PDF). Telegram, George Kennan to George Marshall February 22, 1946. Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey Papers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-12-12. Diakses tanggal 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Founding Council | The Rothermere American Institute". Rothermere American Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-17. Diakses tanggal 2012-11-22.
- ^ "ISI books listing about Congdon's book". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-31. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-16.
Referensi
- Gaddis, John Lewis (2011), George F. Kennan: An American Life, Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-312-1 . (see article)
- Gaddis, John Lewis (1982), Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-503097-4 .
- Gaddis, John Lewis (1990), Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (edisi ke-2nd), New York: McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-557258-3 .
- Etzold, Thomas H.; Gaddis, John Lewis (1978), "NSC 10/2, "National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects," June 18, 1948", Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950, New York: Columbia University Press, hlm. 125–128, ISBN 0-231-04399-6 .
- Forrestal, James (1951), Millis, Walter; Duffield, E. S., ed., The Forrestal Diaries, New York: Viking Press, OCLC 908389 .
- Hixson, Walter L. (1989), George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-06894-8 .
- Isaacson, Walter; Thomas, Evan (1986), The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made: Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, and McCloy, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-83771-4 .
- LaFeber, Walter (1997), America, Russia, and the Cold War: 1945–1996, Boston: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-036064-2 .
- LaFeber, Walter (2002), America, Russia, and the Cold War: 1945–2002, Boston: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-284903-7 .
- Lukacs, John (2007), George Kennan: A Study of Character, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-12221-7 .
- Mayers, David (1990), George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US Foreign Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-505139-4 .
- Miscamble, Wilson D. (1992), George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02483-9 .
- Miscamble, Wilson D. (May 2004), "George Kennan: A Life in the Foreign service", Foreign Service Journal, 81 (2): 22–34, ISSN 1094-8120, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-05-24, diakses tanggal 2015-05-16 . (alternative link Diarsipkan 2006-08-23 di Wayback Machine.).
- Paterson, Thomas G. (1988), Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan, New York: Oxford University Press, hlm. 122, ISBN 0-19-504532-7 .
- Smith, J. Y. (March 18, 2005), "Outsider Forged Cold War Strategy", The Washington Post, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-02-11, diakses tanggal July 14, 2009 .
- Stephanson, Anders (1989), Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-50265-5 .
- Talbott, Strobe (2002), The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy, New York: Random House, ISBN 0-8129-6846-8 .
- Urban, George (September 1976), "From Containment to Self-Containment: A conversation with George Kennan", Encounter .
- Weiner, Tim; Crossette, Barbara (March 18, 2005), "George F. Kennan Dies at 101; Leading Strategist of Cold War", The New York Times, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-31, diakses tanggal July 14, 2009 .
Bacaan lanjutan
- John Lukacs (editor with the introduction), George F. Kennan and the Origins of Containment, 1944–1946: the Kennan-Lukacs Correspondence (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1997).
- John Lewis Gaddis, "George F. Kennan: An American Life" (New York, New York: Penguin Press, 2011).
Pranala luar
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- George F. Kennan Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University Diarsipkan 2023-07-31 di Wayback Machine.
- Obituary Diarsipkan 2015-05-02 di Wayback Machine. from the New York Times
- Obituary Diarsipkan 2021-02-11 di Wayback Machine. from the Washington Post
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