Bosniako gerrako bortxaketak

Bosniako ekialdeko hilobi masibo baten indusketa. Bosniako serbiar indar armatuetako kideek Fočako gizonezkoak exekutatu zituzten, eta Fočako emakumezkoak atxilotu eta behin eta berriz bortxatu.
Sarajevoko Grbavica auzoa, gerra zibilean hondatua, bortxaketa esparruen kokaleku izan zen, eta Grbavica film saridunaren gaia da.[1]

Bortxaketak, Bosniako gerran (1992-1995), emakumeen aurkako indarkeria sistemiko masiboko politika bat izan ziren.[2] Talde etniko guztietako gizonek egin zituzten bortxaketak; baina gizon horietako gehienak Bosniako Serbiar Errepublikako Armadako (VRS) serbo-bosniar indarretakoak eta serbiar unitate paramilitarretakoak ziren, eta bortxaketa erabili zuten izu tresnatzat eta taktika giltzarritzat,[3] garbiketa etnikoa egiteko beren programaren zati gisa.[4][5][6] Egin diren kalkuluek diotenez, gerran bortxatutako emakumeak 10.000 eta 50.000 bitarte izan ziren,[3][7][8][9][10][11] eta uste da salatutako bortxaketa bakoitzeko salatu gabeko beste 15 - 20 kasu bitartean daudela.[12]

Jugoslavia ohirako Nazioarteko Zigor Auzitegiak (IKTY) adierazi zuenez, gerra garaian egindako «bortxaketa sistematikoa» eta «sexu esklabotza» gizateriaren aurkako krimena izan zen, eta hori baino larriagoa genozidioaren gerra krimena baino ez da. ICTYk bortxaketa masiboak genozidiotzat tratatu ez zituen arren, askok ondorioztatu dute emakumezko bosniakoen —bosniar musulmanen— bortxaketa masiboak modu antolatu eta sistematikoan egin zirenez, bortxaketa horiek genozidio kanpaina handiago baten parte izan zirela,[13][14][15] eta VRSk Bosniako musulman etniaren aurkako bortxaketa genozidaren politika bat egin zuela.[16]

VRSko kide Dragoljub Kunarac epaitu zutenean, estatuko nahiz nazioarteko edozein jurisprudentziatan lehen aldiz, bortxaketa gerra armatzat erabiltzeagatik kondenatu zuten pertsona bat. Serbiar indar paramilitarrek eta militarrek emakume eta haur bosniakoen kontra egindako ankerkeriek hedabideetan izandako estaldura zabalaren ondorioz, serbiar indarren aurkako iritzia zabaldu zen nazioartean.[17][18] Gerraondoan, hainbat dokumental saridun, film luze eta antzezlan egin ziren, bortxaketen berri eta haien ondorioen berri emateko.

Erreferentziak

  1. ↑ Goscilo 2012, 241 orr. .
  2. ↑ (Ingelesez) Doja, Albert. (2019-06). «Politics of mass rapes in ethnic conflict: a morphodynamics of raw madness and cooked evil» Crime, Law and Social Change 71 (5): 541–580.  doi:10.1007/s10611-018-9800-0. ISSN 0925-4994. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-07-21).
  3. ↑ a b (Ingelesez) Bell, Jared O.. «4. Sexual Violence: Has a Justification for Thematic Prosecution Been Developed?» The Bosnian War Crimes Justice Strategy a Decade Later (Torkel Opsahl Academic Publisher): 3. 2018-04-02 ISBN 978-82-8348-078-8..
  4. ↑ Totten & Bartrop 2007, 356–57 orr. .
  5. ↑ Henry 2010, 65 orr. .
  6. ↑ Hyndman 2009, 204 orr. .
  7. ↑ (Ingelesez) Turto, Sue. «Bosnian War rape survivors speak of their suffering 25 years on» The Independent (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-02).
  8. ↑ (Ingelesez) Džidić, Denic. '20,000 Women Sexually Assaulted' During Bosnian War. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-02).
  9. ↑ (Ingelesez) «'Invisible' Bosnians born of wartime rape use art to find their voice» Reuters (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-02).
  10. ↑ (Ingelesez) Mersiha. Court fees and fear: Bosnia war rape victims struggle. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-02).
  11. ↑ Crowe 2013.
  12. ↑ (Ingelesez) «In Bosnia and Herzegovina, stigmatization persists for victims of wartime sexual violence» TRIAL International (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-02).
  13. ↑ Becirevic 2014, 117 orr. .
  14. ↑ Cohen 1996, 47 orr. .
  15. ↑ Boose 2002, 73 orr. .
  16. ↑ Johan Vetlesen 2005, 197 orr. .
  17. ↑ Stiglmayer 1994, 202 orr. .
  18. ↑ Morales 2001, 180 orr. .

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