People of the Red Orchestra |
Name | Life | Employment | Rote Kapelle or military position | Group | Arrested | Fate | Notes |
| Willy Sachse | (1896–1944) | Precision mechanic, sailor and writer | KPD Communist. | Robert Uhrig Group | Arrested February 1943 | In June 1944 he was sentenced to death for treason and carried out on 21 August 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden Prison | Linked to Beppo Römer.[248] |
| Klara Schabbel | (1894–1943) | Shorthand typist | Founding members of the KPD. Worked in the Communist International underground organisation in Germany | Links to Trepper Group and Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization | Arrested on 18 October 1942 in Berlin | On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty because of enemy favoritism. She was executed on Plötzensee Prison. | Mistress of Henry Robinson. Mother of Leo Schabbel.[249] |
| Leo Schabbel | | | | | Arrested on 11 March 1943 | Sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to 5 years in prison for knowing the activities of his mother | Son of Klara Schabbel |
| Philipp Schaeffer | (1894–1943) | German orientalist, librarian and sinologist | | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Berlin | On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 6 February 1943 the death penalty "for preparation for high treason in a unit with hostility" Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence in preparation for high treason in tate unity with enemy favoritism. Beheaded at Plötzensee Prison. | [250] |
| Ilse Schaeffer | (1899–1972) | Sculptor | Communist and KPD member | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on 2 October 1942 in Zernsdorf | On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her for abetting treason in two cases to three years in prison. | Links to Schulze-Boysen Group through Fritz Cremer, Kurt Schumacher and Ruthild Hahne. |
| Friedrich Schauer | (1913–2007) | Architect | Took part in the counter demonstration at The Soviet Paradise including posting bills | Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster group | Arrested on 23 October 1942 in Berlin. | On 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court sentenced him to eight years in prison. | Later linked to Harnack and Schulze-Boysen through Hans Coppi.[251] |
| Heinrich Scheel | (1915–1996) | Scharfenberg student, historian | Replaced Hans Coppi and became very busy as a courier | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on September 16, 1942 in Berlin | On 17 February 1943, Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him for non-disclosure of a crime of treason and treason and enemy privileges to five years penitentiary time. Able to hide the truth from the Gestapo about his activities, thereby saving his life. | [252] |
| Rudolf von Scheliha | (1897–1942) | Diplomat who worked at the German Foreign Office | Furnished intelligence to Ilse Stoebe | Von Scheliha Group | Arrested on 29 October 1942 in Berlin | In December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht proclaimed the death penalty for treason. | [253] |
| Maria Louisa von Scheliha | | | | | Arrested on October 29, 1942 in Berlin | | Wife of Rudolf von Scheliha |
| Lotte Schleif | (1903–1965) | Librarian | KPD member. Communist. Courier, copying documents, using own apartment for meetings. | Harnack Group | Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin | On 6 February 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her, "because of preparation for high treason", to eight years in prison. | Married to Rudolf Bergtel. Also worked extensively the Schulze-Boysen Group. Wilhelm Guddorf was her contact for both groups. Worked with Philipp Schaeffer who was a librarian.[254] |
| Renee Schwing | | Simexco employee | | | Arrested November 1942 | Deported to Germany | Mistress of Jindkinch Heinrich Rauch.[253] |
| Friedrich Schlösinger | (1908–1942) | Interpreter and Soldier | | | | | Shot himself in a Russian farmhouse after learning of his wife's death. Husband of Rose Schlösinger. |
| Rose Schlösinger | (1907–1943) | Secretary at the Federal Foreign Office | SPD. Forwarded encrypted messages from Arvid Harnack to the radio operator Hans Coppi. | Harnack Group | Arrested on September 18, 1942 in Berlin | On 20 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. | [255] |
| Christian Schneider | (1896–1962) | Editor and translator | Swiss agent working with Hans Hausamann in Swiss Bureau Ha. Acted as a cutout between Rudolf Roessler (Lucy) and Rachel Dübendorfer (Sissy). | Rote Drei Group | | Survived the war | Codename Taylor. Later worked for UNESCO in 1948.[256] |
| Franz Schneider | (1900–1956) | Courier provided safehouses | Swiss Communist | Jeffremov Group | Arrested in October 1942 by the Gestapo and sent to Fort Breendonk. | Released by the Russians at the end of the war. Survived the war and moved back to Zurich in 1947. | Codenamed Niggi and possibly Chimor, a courier for the Jefremov Group. Husband of Germaine Schneider. Later worked for the Trepper Group. Also had link to the Harnack Group.[256] |
| Germaine Schneider | (1903–1945) | Courier to France, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Later courier between the Jeffremov group and Teppers Group in Paris. | Radio operator | Jeffremov Group sub-leader | Arrested on January 31, 1943 in Paris | Imprisoned until 30 November 1944 in Moabit Prison. Survived the war. Died of cancer on 12 November 1945. | Wife of Franz Schneider. Sister of Joséphine and Renee Clais, whom she recruited. Later worked for the Trepper Group, Lyons Group. Codenamed Clais, Pauline, Odette, Papillon and Schmeterling. Trained by Wenzel in radio transmission techniques.[257] |
| Paul Scholz (Mahlow) | (1882–1976) | Construction contractor | | Schulze Boysen Group | Arrested on 18 September 1942 in Berlin | On 30 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him for listening to foreign broadcasters. Scholz received a three-year jail sentence. | |
| Oda Schottmüller | (1905–1943) | Dancer, mask maker and sculptor | Hosted a transmitter in her apartment, although not verified. Distributed pamphlets | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin | On 26 January 1943, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty for aiding and abetting the preparation of a treasonable enterprise and enemy favouritism. | Loosely associated with the Schulze-Boysen Group.[258] |
| Hesekil Schreiber | (1899–1943) | | Radio operator | Trepper Group, later Lyons Group | Arrested in December 1942 | | Codenamed Camille. |
| Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster | (1900–1943) | Actor | | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested 29 October 1942 in Constance. | On 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court pronounced the death penalty. He was hanged in Plötzensee Prison. | Part of Schulze-Boysen group through Hans Coppi[259] |
| Hermann Schulz | (1890–1942) | Elementary school teacher | | Schulze-Boysen Group | | Sent to the Neuengamme concentration camp and later committed suicide | Linked to the Uhrig group |
| Kurt Schulze | (1894–1942) | Post worker, later naval radio operator | former KPD communist. Soviet agent of the GRU. Kept a transmitter in his house. | Schulze-Boysen Group, Harnack Group | Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin | In December 1942 the death penalty was announced by the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht and executed on the 22 September 1942. | Worked as a radio operator trainer and trained Hans Coppi.[260] |
| Martha Schulze | | | | | Arrested on 16 September 1942 in Berlin | On 20 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced a five-year prison sentence, "for not displaying a crime". | Wife of Kurt Schulze. |
| Harro Schulze-Boysen | (1909–1942) | Journalist, later lieutenant in Luftwaffe | Forwarded intelligence to the NKGB . | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on 31 August 1942 in Berlin | The 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on 19 December 1942 the death penalty and he was executed on the 22 December 1942 | [261] |
| Libertas Schulze-Boysen | (1913–1942) | | Received a Soviet Agent Alexander Erdberg and introduced him to Schulze-Boysen, which kickstarted the Schulze-Boysen Group | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on September 8, 1942 in Berlin | On 19 December 1943 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. | Wife of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[262] |
| Elisabeth Schumacher | (1904–1942) | Graphic designer | Distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Documenting Nazi crimes. Sending letters to prominent individuals. | Shulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin | On 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. | Wife of Kurt Schumacher[263] |
| Kurt Schumacher | (1905–1942) | Sculptor | Published a leaflet called Open Letter to the Eastern Front, helped an escaped prisoner and later housed the parachute agent Albert Hößler in his apartment. | Schulze-Boysen Group | Arrested on 12 September 1942 in Berlin | On 19 December 1942, the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence. | Husband of Elisabeth Schumacher[264] |
| Otto Schumacher | (1909–?) | | KPD | Jeffremov Group in 1942, later Lyons Group | Arrested 30 June 1942 | Captured in early 1943 and executed. | Possibly worked for Gurevich. Fled Belgium to France and made contact with Hillel Katz.[265] |
| Henri Marie Sidoine Ghislain Seghers | (1914–?) | | One of the original shareholder in Simexco | Gurevich Group | Arrested on 24 November 1942 in Brussels | Detainee in Breendonk, Mauthausen and Dachau concentration camps. | Part of Gurevich Group but not aware of the group's activities. Good friend of Gurevich and Barcza who approached him to invest in Simexco.[266] |
| Anne Saefkow | | | | | | | Wife of Anton Saefkow.[267] |
| Anton Saefkow | (1903–1944) | German communist | Built the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization that resisted in German munitions plants | Harnack Group | Arrested July 1944 | On 5 September 1944 sentenced to death by Volksgerichtshof, executed on 18 September by guillotine at Brandenburg-Görden Prison | Linked to the Harnack's through Wilhelm Guddorf through Bernhard Bästlein.[268][269] |
| Auguste Sésée | (?–1944) | Pianist | Agent and radio specialist | Trepper Group | Arrested on 25 August 1942 and sent to Fort Breendonk. | Beheaded in Berlin in January 1944 | Later worked in the Gurevich Group as an assistant to Mikhail Makarov and later still Jeffremov Group. Betrayed by Maurice Peper.[266] |
| Ernst Sieber | (1916–1994) | Railroad worker | Created sticky notes to post on walls and street lamps. Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front). | Harnack Group through John Sieg. | Arrested on August 14, 1944 in Küstrin | Charged in the People's Court for preparation for high treason,favoured by the enemy and war treason. Freed on 14 April 1945 in Bayreuth. Survived the war. | Later worked for several other groups in Berlin[270][271] |
| John Sieg | (1903–1942) | Railroad worker | KPD member. Journalist who published Nazi atrocities in the Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). | Harnack Group through Adam Kuckhoff | Arrested on 11 October 1942 in Berlin | Sieg committed suicide on 15 October 15, 1942 in the Gestapo headquarters Prinz-Albrecht-Straße. | [272] |
| Sophie Sieg (née Wloszczynski) | (1893–1987) | Shorthand typist | | | Arrested on 12 October 1942 in Berlin | In June 1943, she was taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp and was released on 30 April 1945 by the Red Army. | Wife of John Sieg.[272] |
| Leo Skrzypczynski | | Proprietor of a firm manufacturing Wireless Telegraphy components for the Luftwaffe | | Harnack Group | | Survived the war. | Became a high-level official in the Soviet Zone but became disillusioned with the Soviets and so started to pass secrets to the British Strategic Services Unit[273] |
| Hendrika Smith | | | CPN member | Winterink Group | | | Ran a safe house |
| Pierre Jean De Soete | (1886–1948) | Belgian Sculptor and medalist | Agent and courier for Heinrich Rauch on Simexo business | Gurevich Group | | | Made a bust of Marshall Philippe Pétain, and later a bust of General Alexander von Falkenhausen. De Soete was an old friend of Guillaume Hoorickx.[274] |
| Jacques Sokol | (1911–?) | Architect | Belgian communist | Trepper Group | Autumn 1942 | | Brother of Hersch Sokol[274] |
| Hersch Sokol | (1908–1943) | Polish physician | Radio operator | Trepper Group | Arrested on 9 June 1942 near Paris | Tortured in Fort Breendonk and executed | Husband of Miriam Sokol[275] |
| Miriam Sokol | (1908–1943) | | Helped manage storing and distributing identity documents | Trepper Group | | Sent to Fort Breendonk and executed | Wife of Hersch Sokol[276] |
| Charles Spaak | (1903–1975) | Belgian screenwriter | | | | Survived the war | The whole of the Spaak family was arrested on the orders of Heinz Pannwitz. Brother to Paul and Claude Spaak. |
| Jean Claude Spaak | (1904–1990) | Noted Belgian author and husband of Suzanne | | Trepper Group | Attempt was made to capture Spaak in 1943 by the Gestapo but evaded arrest. | Survived the war | Husband of Suzanne Spaak. Leading member of the Trepper Group in France and close friend of Leopold Trepper and Georgie de Winter.[277] |
| Lucie Spaak | (?–1944) | | | | | | Daughter of Suzanne Spaak |
| Madeleine Spaak | (1895–1944) | | | | | | Sister of Claude and Charles Spaak |
| Suzanne Spaak | (1905–1944) | Housewife | Typing and distributing leaflets. Later saved 60 Jewish children. Helped save Leopold Trepper. | Trepper Group | Arrested on 9 November 1943 in Brussels | In January 1944, she was sentenced to death and shot dead in her cell on 12 August 1944. | Initially worked in the French resistance. Heinz Pannwitz wrote a letter to Foreign Minister of the Belgian exile government in London to tell him that his sister-in-law had been taken to Germany for safety.[278][279] |
| Georgette Savin | (1918–?) | | Dealt in black market gold. | | | | Married to German jeweler Hans Mussig who was French agent.[253] |
| Jean Jaques Spiess | (1916–?) | Parisian Banker, representative of Zurich machine brokers | Communist, Radio operator | Rote Drei | | | Associate of Alexander Foote. Thought to be code named: Roger.[280] |
| Alexander Spoerl | (1917–1978) | Writer, film and radio author | KPD Communist | Schulze-Boysen Group | | Survived the war | Linked at the start of the Schulze-Boysen Group through Libertas Schulze-Boysen |
| Flora Van Springer | (1909–1943) | | | Gurevich group, then Lyons Group | Arrested on 19 December 1942 near Lyon | Sent to Plötzensee Prison where she was killed | Mistress of Isidor Springer. Real name Flora van Vliet. |
| Isidore Springer | (1912–1942) | Diamond dealer | Ran the 6th Trepper sub-network. Provided intelligence to Trepper from US and Belgian diplomats. | Trepper Group | | Betrayed by Trepper. Committed suicide in 1942. | Worked as a recruiter and courier between Trepper and Gurevich. Leader of the Lyons Group. Had contacts with Belgian and US diplomats. Group codename was Romeo.[281][282] |
| Gerhard Sredzki | (1917–1988) | | KJVD | Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization | | Survived the war | Husband of Gerda Sredzki. Son of Siegmund Sredzki. |
| Gerda Sredzki | (1917–1995) | Machine worker | KJVD | Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization | | Survived the war | Wife of Gerhard Sredzki |
| Ilse Stöbe | (1911–1942) | Employee of the Foreign Office, journalist | Soviet agent who worked for the GRU | Von Scheliha Group | Arrested on 12 September 1942 by the Gestapo | On 14 December 1942, the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason. Sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she died in 1943. | (code name "Alta").[283] |
| Anna Staritsky | (1907–?) | Draftswomen and designer | Courier | Gurevich Group | Arrested 1 January 1942 but released | Survived the war | Mistress of Guillaume Hoorickx. Introduced to Hoorickx to Michail Makarov sometime in 1941. Eventually married Hoorickx after the war and lived in Paris.[110] |
| Heinz Strelow | (1915–1943) | Journalist and later Non-commissioned officer | KJVD | Loose links to Schulze-Boysen Group via van Beek | Arrested 1 October 1942 | On 18 January 1943 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty. | Lover was Cato Bontjes van Beek in shared apartment[284] |
| Hans Sussmann | (1897–1985) | Historian and politician | KPD, Communist. Created anti-fascist and anti-war leaflets. | Shulze-Boysen Group | | Survived the war | Worked with Walter Küchenmeister and Albert Voigts[285] |