Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GPR18 |
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Identifiers |
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Aliases | GPR18, G protein-coupled receptor 18 |
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External IDs | OMIM: 602042; MGI: 107859; HomoloGene: 18814; GeneCards: GPR18; OMA:GPR18 - orthologs |
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Gene location (Human) |
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![Chromosome 13 (human)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ideogram_human_chromosome_13.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_13.svg.png) | Chr. | Chromosome 13 (human)[1] |
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| Band | 13q32.3 | Start | 99,254,732 bp[1] |
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End | 99,261,744 bp[1] |
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Gene location (Mouse) |
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![Chromosome 14 (mouse)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png) | Chr. | Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2] |
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| Band | 14 E5|14 65.86 cM | Start | 122,148,665 bp[2] |
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End | 122,153,193 bp[2] |
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RNA expression pattern |
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Bgee | Human | Mouse (ortholog) |
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Top expressed in | - sperm
- gonad
- lymph node
- testicle
- granulocyte
- epithelium of nasopharynx
- tonsil
- blood
- appendix
- spleen
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| Top expressed in | - mesenteric lymph nodes
- spleen
- blood
- subcutaneous adipose tissue
- morula
- thymus
- granulocyte
- embryo
- jejunum
- white adipose tissue
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| More reference expression data |
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BioGPS | ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/PBB_GE_GPR18_210279_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_GPR18_210279_at_fs.png) | More reference expression data |
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Gene ontology |
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Molecular function | - signal transducer activity
- G protein-coupled receptor activity
| Cellular component | - integral component of membrane
- plasma membrane
- membrane
- integral component of plasma membrane
- cytoplasmic vesicle membrane
- cytoplasmic vesicle
| Biological process | - signal transduction
- CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
- negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
- CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation
- negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis
- T cell differentiation
- positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction
- positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway
- G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
| Sources:Amigo / QuickGO |
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Orthologs |
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Species | Human | Mouse |
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Entrez | | |
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Ensembl | | |
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UniProt | | |
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RefSeq (mRNA) | | |
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RefSeq (protein) | | |
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 13: 99.25 – 99.26 Mb | Chr 14: 122.15 – 122.15 Mb |
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PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
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Wikidata |
View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
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N-Arachidonyl glycine receptor (NAGly receptor), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 18 (GPR18), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR18 gene.[5][6] Along with the other previously "orphan" receptors GPR55 and GPR119, GPR18 has been found to be a receptor for endogenous lipid neurotransmitters, several of which also bind to cannabinoid receptors.[7][8][9] It has been found to be involved in the regulation of intraocular pressure.[10]
Research supports the hypothesis that GPR18 is the abnormal cannabidiol receptor and N-arachidonoyl glycine, the endogenous lipid metabolite of anandamide, initiates directed microglial migration in the CNS through activation of GPR18,[11] though recent evidence demonstrates that NAGly was not shown to be a GPR18 agonist in rat sympathetic neurons.[12]
Resolvin D2 (RvD2), a member of the specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) class of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, is an activating ligand for GPR18; RvD2 and its activation of GPR18 contribute to the resolution of inflammatory responses as well as inflammation-based and other diseases in animal models and are proposed to do so in humans.[13] Furthermore, RvD2 is a metabolite of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); the metabolism of DHA to RvD2 and RvD2's activation of GPR18 is proposed to one among many other mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects attributed to omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets[14]
Ligands
- Agonists
Ligands found to bind to GPR18 as agonists include:[11][15]
- Antagonists
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125245 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050350 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Gantz I, Muraoka A, Yang YK, Samuelson LC, Zimmerman EM, Cook H, Yamada T (Sep 1997). "Cloning and chromosomal localization of a gene (GPR18) encoding a novel seven transmembrane receptor highly expressed in spleen and testis". Genomics. 42 (3): 462–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4752. PMID 9205118.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: GPR18 G protein-coupled receptor 18".
- ^ Kohno M, Hasegawa H, Inoue A, Muraoka M, Miyazaki T, Oka K, Yasukawa M (September 2006). "Identification of N-arachidonylglycine as the endogenous ligand for orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR18". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347 (3): 827–32. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.175. PMID 16844083.
- ^ Burstein S (December 2008). "The elmiric acids: biologically active anandamide analogs". Neuropharmacology. 55 (8): 1259–64. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.11.011. PMC 2621443. PMID 18187165.
- ^ Bradshaw HB, Lee SH, McHugh D (September 2009). "Orphan endogenous lipids and orphan GPCRS: A good match". Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 89 (3–4): 131–4. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.006. PMC 2740803. PMID 19379823.
- ^ Caldwell MD, Hu SS, Viswanathan S, Bradshaw H, Kelly ME, Straiker A (June 2013). "A GPR18-based signalling system regulates IOP in murine eye". British Journal of Pharmacology. 169 (4): 834–43. doi:10.1111/bph.12136. PMC 3687663. PMID 23461720.
- ^ a b McHugh D, Hu SS, Rimmerman N, Juknat A, Vogel Z, Walker JM, Bradshaw HB (2010). "N-arachidonoyl glycine, an abundant endogenous lipid, potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18, the putative abnormal cannabidiol receptor". BMC Neurosci. 11: 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-44. PMC 2865488. PMID 20346144.
- ^ Lu VB, Puhl HL, Ikeda SR (Jan 2013). "N-Arachidonyl glycine does not activate G protein-coupled receptor 18 signaling via canonical pathways". Molecular Pharmacology. 83 (1): 267–82. doi:10.1124/mol.112.081182. PMC 3533477. PMID 23104136.
- ^ Shinohara M, Serhan CN (2016). "Novel Endogenous Proresolving Molecules:Essential Fatty Acid-Derived and Gaseous Mediators in the Resolution of Inflammation". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 23 (6): 655–64. doi:10.5551/jat.33928. PMC 7399282. PMID 27052783.
- ^ Calder PC (2015). "Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1851 (4): 469–84. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010. PMID 25149823.
- ^ McHugh D, Page J, Dunn E, Bradshaw HB (May 2011). "Δ(9) -THC and N-arachidonyl glycine are full agonists at GPR18 and cause migration in the human endometrial cell line, HEC-1B". Br J Pharmacol. 165 (8): 2414–24. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01497.x. PMC 3423258. PMID 21595653.
- ^ Szczesniak AM, Maor Y, Robertson H, Hung O, Kelly ME (October 2011). "Nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, abnormal cannabidiol and canabigerol-dimethyl heptyl, act at novel cannabinoid receptors to reduce intraocular pressure". Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (5): 427–35. doi:10.1089/jop.2011.0041. PMID 21770780.
- ^ Ashton JC (2012). "The atypical cannabinoid o-1602: Targets, actions, and the central nervous system". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 12 (3): 233–239. doi:10.2174/187152412802430156. PMID 22831390.
- ^ McHugh D, Bradshaw HB (2012). "GPR18 and NAGly Signaling: New Members of the Endocannabinoid Family or Distant Cousins?". In Abood ME (ed.). endoCANNABINOIDS: actions at non-CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-4668-2.
- ^ Chiang N, Dalli J, Colas RA, Serhan CN (2015). "Identification of Resolvin D2 Receptor Mediating Resolution of Infections and Organ Protection" (PDF). J. Exp. Med. 212 (8): 1203–1217. doi:10.1084/jem.20150225. PMC 4516788. PMID 26195725.
- ^ Schoeder CT, Kaleta M, Mahardhika AB, Olejarz-Maciej A, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Müller CE (July 2018). "Structure-activity relationships of imidazothiazinones and analogs as antagonists of the cannabinoid-activated orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR18". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 155: 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.050. PMID 29902723. S2CID 49214747.
- ^ Rempel V, Atzler K, Behrenswerth A, Karcz T, Schoeder C, Hinz S, et al. (2014). "Bicyclic imidazole-4-one derivatives: a new class of antagonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR18 and GPR55". Med. Chem. Commun. 5 (5): 632–649. doi:10.1039/C3MD00394A.
Further reading
- Christian SL, McDonough J, Liu Cy CY, Shaikh S, Vlamakis V, Badner JA, Chakravarti A, Gershon ES (2002). "An evaluation of the assembly of an approximately 15-Mb region on human chromosome 13q32-q33 linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia". Genomics. 79 (5): 635–56. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6765. PMID 11991713.
- Kohno M, Hasegawa H, Inoue A, Muraoka M, Miyazaki T, Oka K, Yasukawa M (2006). "Identification of N-arachidonylglycine as the endogenous ligand for orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR18". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347 (3): 827–32. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.175. PMID 16844083.
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Receptor (ligands) | CB1Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 1 | Agonists (abridged, full list) | |
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Inverse agonists | |
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Antagonists | |
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CB2Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 2 | Agonists | - 2-AG
- 2-AGE (noladin ether)
- 3,3'-Diindolylmethane
- 4-O-Methylhonokiol
- α-Amyrin · β-Amyrin
- A-796,260
- A-834,735
- A-836,339
- AM-1172
- AM-1221
- AM-1235
- AM-1241
- AM-2232
- Anandamide
- AZ-11713908
- Cannabinol
- Caryophyllene
- CB-13
- CBS-0550
- CP 55,940
- GW-405,833 (L-768,242)
- GW-842,166X
- HU-308
- JTE 7-31
- JWH-007
- JWH-015
- JWH-018
- JWH-73
- JWH-133
- L-759,633
- L-759,656
- Lenabasum (anabasum)
- Magnolol
- MDA-19
- Nabitan
- NADA
- Olorinab (APD-371)
- PF-03550096
- S-444,823
- SER-601
- Serinolamide A
- UR-144
- Tedalinab
- THC (dronabinol)
- THCV
- Tetrahydromagnolol
- Virodhamine
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Antagonists | |
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NAGly (GPR18) | |
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GPR55 | |
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GPR119 | |
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Transporter (modulators) | eCBTsTooltip Endocannabinoid transporter | |
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Enzyme (modulators) | FAAHTooltip Fatty acid amide hydrolase | |
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MAGL | |
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ABHD6 | - Inhibitors: JZP-169
- JZP-430
- KT182
- KT185
- KT195
- KT203
- LEI-106
- ML294
- ML295
- ML296
- UCM710
- WWL-70
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ABHD12 | |
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Others | - Others: 2-PG (directly potentiates activity of 2-AG at CB1 receptor)
- ARN-272 (FAAH-like anandamide transporter inhibitor)
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- See also
- Receptor/signaling modulators
- Cannabinoids (cannabinoids by structure)
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