According to the American newspapers of 1894, the winter and spring storms of December 1893 to April 1894 proved to be one of the most disastrous for the United States, particularly the Cape Cod area, since 1860.[1] The eastern seaboard of the continent had already faced a fierce hurricane season in 1893 when over 2,000 people died.
January
4 January
List of shipwrecks: 4 January
Ship
State
Description
A. L. Mason
United States
During a voyage from St. Louis, Missouri, to New Orleans, Louisiana, the steamboat struck a hidden obstruction and sank in the Mississippi River off Delta, Mississippi. She was declared a total loss.[2]
Diamond
The schooner was lost off Cossack Creek, Western Australia.[3]
12 January
List of shipwrecks: 12 January
Ship
State
Description
Henrietta
United States
The fishing schooner sank in a heavy gale on the Georges Bank. Lost with all 14 crew.[4][5]
The schooner was dismasted on 13 January in the gale of 12/13 January. On 18 January a can of kerosene caught fire and the vessel was burning rapidly, but it caught the attention of LeBretagne (France) who rescued them just in time, as all of her boats had washed overboard in the gale.[13]
The four-masted barque was last seen off Lundy, UK on 5 January while on voyage from Swansea to San Francisco. From 20 January to 5 February, wreckage from the ship washed up on the Cornish and Sussex coasts.[19][20]
The schooner was heavily damaged by huge waves in a severe gale while at anchor on the Quero Banks on 12 February. She drifted off in the storm. On 13 February the tanker Amsterdam (Netherlands) attempted to rescue her crew but lost a lifeboat and six crew and gave up the attempt. On 14 February Maggie E. Wells' crew was taken off by the schooner Magnolia (United States) and she was scuttled by burning about 40 miles (64 km) south east of Sable Island, Nova Scotia.[29][30]
The tug got hung up under her dock at South Street on the Delaware side opposite Philadelphia on a rising tide, filled and sank. Raised the next day.[16]
The schooner was carried ashore by an ice flow at Port au Bras, Newfoundland, the ice took her back off the beach and then put her back on it. Wreck later sold.[36]
The 68.18-gross register ton, 61-foot (19 m) sealingschooner was crushed by ice at Kayak Island on the coast of the District of Alaska at a position described in the wreck report as "60 08 12 N south end of Kayak Island Cove ESE." The entire crew of 15 escaped onto an ice floe and survived on it for 28 days before setting off in a small boat built from Undaunted's wreckage and making it to Port Etches in Prince William Sound, where the steamerKodiak (United States) rescued them on 4 April.[37]
Divers were working to salvage cargo from the wreck of the ship, which had exploded and sunk in the harbour of Santander, Spain in November 1893. 11 tonnes of dynamite in the flooded after hold of the wreck exploded, killing 18 people and injuring seven.[42]
The steamer sank in ice and heavy weather in Lake Michigan in 70 feet (21 m) of water 45°44′N84°37′W / 45.733°N 84.617°W / 45.733; -84.617). Her crew rescued by the tug Crusader (United States).[47][48][49]
The steamer sank in ice and heavy weather in Straits of Mackinac four miles (6.4 km) east of McGulpin Point (45°48′N84°43′W / 45.800°N 84.717°W / 45.800; -84.717) in 125 feet (38 m) of water.[47][50][51]
Three-masted schooner loaded with ice blocks bound for Ocean City, Maryland from Boothbay, Maine. Captained by John P Burns of Camden, New Jersey. The ship was caught in a sudden gale on the night of 12 April and foundered on the shoals of Cape Cod. The fractured hull of the ship washed up north of Nauset Beach.[52] All six crew members perished including Captain Burns and his brothers on board the vessel.
The three-masted schooner carrying paving stones bound for New York Bay. The ship was first damaged on 10 April 1894, ship owner and captain Wesley T Ober decided that he could pilot the crippled ship and dock safely, denying aid. However, they were overtaken by the storm of 12 April. The survivors attempted to abandon the schooner in a lifeboat but did not reach land. The ship, meanwhile, had been driven by the storm onto Salisbury Beach, Massachusetts.[53] By 15 April, the crew was declared deceased after thorough searching. It is thought that the crew may have survived had they kept to the interior of the ship with the cargo. Three bodies and an overcoat belonging to the first mate were recovered; the lifeboat was recovered near Plum Island. Folklore dictates that the ship's cat was the only survivor. The story of the shipwrecks from 12 April and the previous weeks sparked national interest and thousands gathered to see the wreck of Jennie M Carter.[54] The paving stones were removed and sold at auction; some were used in Salisbury. The ship remains were considered unsalvageable and left to disintegrate on the beach where it became a well-known site. Some of the wooden frame could still be seen in 2013.
With 70 passengers and crew aboard, the steamer was struck a rock or reef in the Pacific Ocean off Point Sur on the coast of California, she drifted off and sank in 54 feet (16 m) of water. with the loss of about six lives. Some of her survivors reached shore, while others were rescued at sea by the steamer Eureka (flag unknown).[57][58][59][32]
The fishing schooner probably sank in a gale on the Georges Bank after communicating with another vessel earlier in the storm. Lost with all 13 hands.[61][62][63]
The tow steamer was sunk in a collision with a barge towed by Alice Brown (United States) in the Mississippi River 15 miles (24 km) above Cairo, Illinois, a total loss of both steamer and barge.[34]
The steamer was holed by a raft of timber she was towing alongside wearing a hole through her side. She was beached on Beaver Island and settled in nine feet (2.7 m) of water in the Mississippi River near Clinton, Iowa. Raised and repaired.[10]
The steamer struck an obstruction and sank six miles (9.7 km) above the mouth of the Salt River. She was raised and beached on the Indiana side of the Ohio River opposite the mouth of the Salt River, but was a total loss.[10]
The 330-ton, 116.7-foot (35.6 m) whalingbark was wrecked on a rock in Seguam Pass on the east end of Amlia in the Aleutian Islands. One man stayed aboard James Allen and was lost. The rest of the crew abandoned ship in four lifeboats. One lifeboat carrying 15 crew members disappeared with the loss of all on board. Another, with eight men aboard, reached Atka Island, where the steamerDora (United States) picked up its occupants a week later. The other two lifeboats capsized with the loss of 10 men, but their survivors reached Umnak Island, where six more men died over the next two weeks. James Allen's captain and five crewman then made a one-week voyage to Unalaska on Unalaska Island in a small boat, after which the captain returned to Unmnak Island aboard the revenue cutter USRC Bear ( United States Revenue-Marine) two days later to rescue the nine survivors left behind there.[66]
The barque went aground on the Colorados Reefs, Cuba during a voyage from Pensacola, Florida for Lübeck, Germany with timber, and was abandoned. She was refloated by salvors and taken to Havana where condemned.[67][68] (She was previously wrecked as the steamship Tiber in May 1871, but subsequently rebuilt.)
The steamer struck a stone dike at Madison, Indiana and sank in shallow water in the Ohio River, a total loss. Wreck removed by the snagboat E. A. Woodruff (United States).[10][74]
The 13.2-ton, 34.5-foot (10.5 m) schooner-rigged vessel broke loose from her moorings and was washed ashore at Anchor Point, District of Alaska. Her crew of three survived, but she became a total loss.[76]
The tow steamer struck a ledge of rock and sprung a leak just below the Louisville and Portland Canal and sank in 15 feet (4.6 m) of water in the Ohio River. Raised 23 July and taken to Louisville for repair.[10]
First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Pungdo: The gunboat ran aground on rocks in the Yellow Sea off Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, during combat with Imperial Japanese Navycruisers and was destroyed when her ammunition magazine exploded.
The 357.49-gross register ton, 119.7-foot (36.5 m) bark was forced ashore by wind and ice and wrecked without loss of life at Return Reef off Midway Island (70°27′N148°47′W / 70.450°N 148.783°W / 70.450; -148.783 (Midway Island)) off the Beaufort Sea coast of the District of Alaska.[82]
The pleasure steamer was struck and sunk by the ferry George H. Power (United States) due to a steering failure near the lighthouse between Hudson and Athens, New York.[14]
The steamer was destroyed by fire in Lake Superior 20 miles (32 km) off Ontonagon, Michigan due to an exploding lamp in the engine room. Her crew abandoned ship in her boats before midnight and were rescued by George Spencer (United States) in the morning.[83][84]
During a voyage in the Aleutian Islands from Unalaska to Atka with a cargo of 10 tons of ship's stores, the 10.27-ton 36.3-foot (11.1 m) schooner was wrecked on the southeast side of Constantine Bay (53°57′N166°25′W / 53.950°N 166.417°W / 53.950; -166.417 (Constantine Bay)) on Unalaska Island during a gale. Her entire crew of five survived.[86]
The steamer stranded on Gordon Point, Cormorant Island, British Columbia in dense fog. Refloated on 26 August and steamed to Alert Bay where she was beached for repairs. Refloated on 30 August.[6]
The steamer sank with the loss of two crew members after colliding with the paddle steamerPrince of Wales (Isle of Man). Prince of Wales rescued one survivor.
First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of the Yalu River: The armored cruiser exploded, capsized, and sank in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River with the loss of 263 lives during combat with Imperial Japanese Navy warships. Seven of her crew survived.
First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of the Yalu River: The dispatch vessel was badly damaged during combat with Imperial Japanese Navy warships in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River and was beached near Port Arthur, becoming a total loss.
First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of the Yalu River: The cruiser suffered heavy damage in combat with the protected cruisers Akitsushima, Naniwa, Takachiho, and Yoshino (all Imperial Japanese Navy) in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River, then sank after colliding with the armored cruiser Jingyuan (Imperial Chinese Navy).
First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of the Yalu River: The protected cruiser exploded and sank in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River with the loss of 245 lives during combat with Imperial Japanese Navy warships. Seven of her crew survived.
The barque was wrecked near Ilio Point, Molokai, Hawaii after being caught by strong currents. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Middlesbrough, United Kingdom to Honolulu with coal, liquor and general cargo.[91]
The canal boat was sunk in a collision with the ferry Maryland (United States) that also struck the tug Wm. C. Nicol (United States) which was towing John B. McMahon off Pier 5 in the East River.[14]
The steamer stranded on Eagle River Reef, or Sawtooth Reef, in dense smoke and fog off Keweenaw Point in Lake Superior. She broke in two during a storm on 25 September, a total loss.[83][92]
During a voyage from Manistique, Michigan, to Buffalo, New York, with a cargo of 579 tons of pig iron, under tow by the steamerF. R. Buell (United States), the schooner heeled over and sank in Lake Michigan off Seul Choix Point on the coast of Michigan during a gale after her cargo shifted. Her crew of seven abandoned ship in a yawl, but six of them died when the yawl capsized. The lone survivor clung to the overturned yawl and reached shore near Seul Choix Light.[94]
The vessel was cut in two in a collision with a foreign vessel in the Gulf of Mexico, between Cedar Key, Florida and Mobile, Alabama. Four crewmen killed.[41]
Florida Panhandle Hurricane of 1894: The fishing steamer dragged anchor and went ashore on Rocky Point, New York on Long Island. After several attempts to refloat failed she was abandoned as a total loss after the boiler and engine were salvaged.[16]
Florida Panhandle Hurricane of 1894: The steamer was wrecked on a breakwater at Point Judith in a hurricane, a total loss. A line was found wrapped around her wheel. Lost with all five hands.[14]
With 150 passengers aboard, the sidewheel paddle steamer ran aground in heavy fog on Washington Point at the northern end of Manhattan in New York City. After her passengers disembarked onto Manhattan Island via gangplank, the sidewheel paddle steamer Shady Side (United States) pulled her off the rocks after the tide rose.[101]
The passenger steamer was on a voyage from Auckland, New Zealand, to Australia when she hit a reef at the northern edge of Great Barrier Island, about 100 kilometres (54 nmi) from Auckland, and sank with the loss of about 140 lives. It remains one of the deadliest maritime disasters in New Zealand's history.
After her captain mailed a letter from Unalaska, District of Alaska, dated 25 October expressing his intention to follow the fur seal herds south to the tropics in the fall of 1894 and then back north in the spring of 1895, the 37.6-gross register ton, 61.2-foot (18.7 m) sealingschooner and her 15-man crew were never heard from again.[102]
The steamer foundered in 40 feet (12 m) of water in Thunder Bay after springing a leak 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Thunder Bay Island. Broke up in a gale ten days later. Wreck located in 1907. Much of her machinery was salvaged.[83][103][104]
The tug when leaving dock was struck and sunk by the tug Harlem River No. 1 (United States) that was going into dock at Palmer's Dock, Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[14]
The wrecking steamer caught fire near Point Conception, California while working on the wreck of Gosford and was abandoned because of dynamite on board. Sank on 5 November.[32]
The steamer was sunk in the St. Clair River at Marine City, Michigan in a collision with Iron King (United States). Raised 9 November and taken to Port Huron, Michigan for repairs. She suffered a fire on board during repairs on 1 December. Back in service by 1 August 1895.[39][106]
The steamer struck a reef off Centerville, Wisconsin in a heavy wind and snow storm. She was scuttled and abandoned, but pulled off a few days later.[83]
The junk was sunk in the Buffalo River at Buffalo, New York in a collision with Alex. H. Sloan (United States) 1,000 feet (300 m) above the Michigan Street bridge.[39]
The schooner went ashore on Pass Island near Despair Bay, Nova Scotia, a cabin stove overturned and she burned to the waterline. Her crew made it to shore in her dories.[110]
The steamer sprung a leak in the St. Johns River. When her helm was put hard over into a turn she careened, filled, and sank. Later raised. Two crewmen killed.[34]
The 361-ton whalingbark was wrecked on the Koryak Coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Siberia, 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) south of Cape Navarin.[76]
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