List of mountains of the Alps over 4000 metres
This list tabulates all of the 82 official mountain summits of 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) or more in height in the Alps, as defined by the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA).[1] All are located within France, Italy or Switzerland, and are often referred to by mountaineers as the Alpine four-thousanders.[2][3] A further table of 46 subsidiary mountain points which did not meet the UIAA's selection criteria is also included.[4]
The official UIAA list of 82 mountain summits, titled in English as 'The 4000ers of the Alps' was first published in 1994. They were selected primarily on a prominence of at least 30 metres (98 ft)) above the highest adjacent col or pass. Additional criteria were used to include or exclude some points, based on the mountain's overall morphology and mountaineering significance. (For example, the Grand Gendarme on the Weisshorn was excluded, despite meeting the prominence criterion as it was simply deemed part of that mountain's ridge.) A further 46 additional points of mountaineering significance, such as Pic Eccles, which did not meet the UIAA's primary selection criteria, were then included within an 'enlarged list'.[4]
For a list containing many of the independent mountains of the Alps (i.e. only those with a prominence greater than 300 metres (980 ft) and covering all countries, see List of prominent mountains of the Alps.
Another, less formal, list of 4000 metre alpine mountains, containing only independent peaks with a prominence of over 100m, and based on an earlier 1990s publications by Richard Goedeke, contains just 51 mountains.[5]
Official list
The table shows the 82 four-thousanders in the Alps that are recognised by the UIAA. They are located in Switzerland (48),[Note 1] Italy (38) and France (25).
Clicking the symbol at the head of the column sorts the table by that column’s data.
Nr. | Image | Summit | Height (m) | Range | Country | Isolation[6] (km) | Prominence[6] (m) | First ascent[7] | Easiest (normal) route to summit | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mont Blanc[Note 2] | 4,809 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy [9] | 2,812 Elbrus (RU) | 4,697 near Lake Kubenskoye (RU) [Note 3] | 8 August 1786 Jacques Balmat, Michel-Gabriel Paccard | Goûter Route (PD-/PD+) | Highest mountain of the Alps, border dispute France/Italy | |
2 | ![]() | Mont Blanc de Courmayeur | 4,748 | Mont Blanc Group | France[10]/ Italy [11][12][9] | 0.6 Mont Blanc | 18 Col Major | 18 August 1822 F. Clissold, J. M. Couttet and five guides[13][14] | Goûter Route (PD-/PD+) extension from summit of Mont Blanc | Fore-summit of Mont Blanc, border dispute France/Italy |
3 | ![]() | Dufourspitze | 4,634 | Monte Rosa Massif | Switzerland | 78.3 Mont Blanc de Courmayeur | 2,165 Grosser Sankt Bernhard | 1 August 1855 Charles Hudson and 7 companions | From Monte Rosa Hut via Monte Rosa glacier (III, 40°, AD-) | Highest peak of the Monte Rosa Massif, highest peak of the Alps outside of the Mont Blanc Massif |
4 | Nordend | 4,608 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.6 Grenzgipfel | 89 Silbersattel | 26 August 1861 Edward N. Buxton, T.F. Buxton, John J. Cowell, Michel-Clément Payot, Binder | From Monte Rosa Hut via Silbersattel (II, PD) | ||
5 | Zumsteinspitze | 4,563 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.5 Grenzgipfel | 112 Grenzsattel | 1 August 1820 Joseph Zumstein, Joseph Vincent and Johann Niklaus Vincent and others | From Gnifetti Hut (Italian side) via Lys glacier or Monte Rosa Hut (Swiss side) via Grenz glacier to Lys Col and then along the Western flank and SE ridge to the summit (I, PD) | ||
6 | Signalkuppe | 4,554 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.7 Zumsteinspitze | 98 Colle Gnifetti | 9 August 1842 Giovanni Gnifetti and 7 companions | Highest mountain hut and building in Europe, Capanna Regina Margherita, at 4,554 m. | ||
7 | ![]() | Dom | 4,546 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 16.9 Nordend | 1,057 Neues Weisstor | 11 September 1858 John Llewelyn Davies, Johann Zumtaugwald, Johann Kronig, Hieronymous Brantschen | From Domhütte via Northern flank to the summit (PD) | Highest peak located entirely within Switzerland |
8 | Lyskamm (Eastern Summit) | 4,532 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 2.9 Zumsteinspitze | 379 Lisjoch | 19 August 1861 by 14 mountaineers | From Gnifetti Hut via Lys glacier, Lys Col (Lisjoch) and East Ridge to the (Eastern) summit (II, AD) | Western summit (4479 m) | |
9 | ![]() | Weisshorn | 4,505 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 11.1 Dom | 1,234 Furggjoch | 19 August 1861 John Tyndall, Johann Joseph Brennen, Ulrich Wenger | East ridge from Weisshornhütte (III, AD) | |
10 | ![]() | Täschhorn | 4,491 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 1.2 Dom | 213 Domjoch | 30 July 1862 John Llewelyn Davies, J.W. Hayward, Peter-Josef Summermatter, Stefan, Johann Zumtaugwald | ||
11 | Lyskamm (Western Summit) | 4,479 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 1.1 Lyskamm Eastern Summit | 61 Col to the Eastern Summit | 19 August 1861 William E. Hall and 13 companions | |||
12 | ![]() | Matterhorn | 4,478 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 13.9 Lyskamm Western Summit | 1,043 Col Durand | 14 July 1865 Croz, Taugwalder, Whymper, Hudson, Douglas and Hadow | ||
13 | ![]() | Picco Luigi Amedeo | 4,469 | Mont Blanc Group | Italy | 0.7 Mont Blanc de Courmayeur | 39 Col to Mont Blanc de Courmayeur | 20 July 1901 G.B. and G.F. Gugliermina, Joseph Brocherel | ||
14 | ![]() | Mont Maudit | 4,465 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 1.9 Mont Blanc | 162 Col de la Brenva | 12 September 1878 Henry S. King, William E. Davidson, Johann Jaun, Johann von Bergen | ||
15 | Parrotspitze | 4,434 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.9 Signalkuppe | 134 Seserjoch | 16 August 1863 Florence Crauford Grove, Melchior Anderegg and 4 companions | |||
16 | ![]() | Dent Blanche | 4,357 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 7.4 Matterhorn | 916 Wandfluejoch | 18 July 1862 Thomas S. Kennedy, William and C. Wigram mit Jean-Baptiste Croz, Johann Kronig | ||
17 | Ludwigshöhe | 4,341 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.7 Parrotspitze | 57 Fiodejoch | 25 August 1822 Ludwig von Welden and companions | |||
18 | ![]() | Nadelhorn | 4,327 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 1.7 Dom | 207 Lenzjoch | 16 September 1858 Franz Andenmatten, Baptiste Epiney, Aloys Supersaxo, Joseph Zimmermann | ||
19 | ![]() | Schwarzhorn (Corno Nero) | 4,321 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy | 0.3 Ludwigshöhe | 42 col with the Ludwigshöhe | 18 August 1873 Marco Maglionini, Albert de Rothschild, Eduard Cupelin mit Peter and Nikolaus Knubel | ||
20 | ![]() | Combin de Grafeneire | 4,309 | Grand Combin | Switzerland | 26.5 Dent Blanche | 1,512 Fenêtre de Durand | 20 July 1857 Jouvence Bruchez, Benjamin, Maurice Felley | ||
21 | Dôme du Goûter | 4,304 | Mont Blanc Group | France Italy | 2.0 Mont Blanc | 68 Col du Dôme | 17 September 1784 Jean-Marie Couttet, François Cuidet | |||
22 | ![]() | Lenzspitze | 4,293 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 0.5 Nadelhorn | 86 Nadeljoch | 1870 Clinton Thomas Dent, Alexander and Franz Burgener | ||
23 | ![]() | Finsteraarhorn | 4,274 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 51.7 Nadelhorn | 2,279 west of the Simplon Pass | 16 August 1812 Arnold Abbühl, Joseph Bortis, Alois Volker | ||
24 | ![]() | Mont Blanc du Tacul | 4,248 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 1.4 Mont Maudit | 219 Col Maudit | 31 July 1855 J-M Chabot, P-J Mochet, J-M Perrod and James H. Ramsay[15] | ||
25 | Grand Pilier d’Angle | 4,243 | Mont Blanc Group | Italy | 0.7 Mont Blanc de Courmayeur | 35 Col to the Mont Blanc de Courmayeur | 3 August 1957 Walter Bonatti, Toni Gobbi[16] | |||
26 | ![]() | Stecknadelhorn | 4,240 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 0.5 Nadelhorn | 27 Stecknadeljoch | 8 August 1887 Oscar Eckenstein, Matthias Zurbriggen | ||
27 | ![]() | Castor | 4,225 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 2.4 Lyskamm Western Summit | 156 Felikjoch | 23 August 1861 William Mathews, F.W. Jacomb, Michel Croz | ||
28 | ![]() | Zinalrothorn | 4,221 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 4.5 Weisshorn | 491 Hohlicht Pass | 22 August 1864 Florence Crauford Grove, Leslie Stephen, Jakob and Melchior Anderegg | ||
29 | ![]() | Hohberghorn | 4,218 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 0.4 Stecknadelhorn | 76 Hohbergjoch | August 1869 R. B. Heathcote, Franz Biner, Peter Perren, Peter Taugwalder | ||
30 | ![]() | Vincent Pyramid | 4,215 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy | 0.7 Schwarzhorn (Corno Nero) | 128 Col to the Schwarzhorn | 5 August 1819 Johann Nikolaus Vincent, three unknown companions | ||
31 | ![]() | Grandes Jorasses (Pointe Walker) | 4,208 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 7.9 Mont Blanc du Tacul | 852 Col du Géant | 30 June 1868 Horace Walker, Melchior Anderegg, J. Jaun, J. Grange | ||
32 | ![]() | Alphubel | 4,206 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 2.3 Täschhorn | 359 Mischabeljoch | 9 August 1860 T .W. Hinchliff, Leslie Stephen, Melchior Anderegg, Peter Perren | ||
33 | Rimpfischhorn | 4,199 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 4.7 Alphubel | 647 Allalin Pass | 9 September 1859 Leslie Stephen, Robert Liveing, Melchior Anderegg, Johann Zumtaugwald | |||
34 | ![]() | Aletschhorn | 4,194 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 13.5 Finsteraarhorn | 1,043 Lötschenlücke | 18 June 1859 Francis F. Tuckett, Johann Joseph Bennen, Peter Bohren, V. Tairraz | ||
35 | ![]() | Strahlhorn | 4,190 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 1.8 Rimpfischhorn | 404 Alder Pass | 15 August 1854 Edmund J. Grenville, Christopher Smyth, Franz-Josef Andenmatten, Ulrich Lauener | ||
36 | ![]() | Combin de Valsorey | 4,184 | Grand Combin | Switzerland | 0.5 Combin de Grafeneire | 57 Col to the Combin de Grafeneire | | ||
37 | Grandes Jorasses (Pointe Whymper) | 4,184 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 0.2 Pointe Walker | 51[17] col with the Pointe Walker | 24. June 1865 Edward Whymper, Michel Croz, Christian Almer, F. Biner | |||
38 | ![]() | Dent d’Hérens | 4,173 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 4.2 Matterhorn | 704 Colle Tournanche | 12 August 1863 Florence Crauford Grove, Melchior Anderegg and 5 companions | ||
39 | ![]() | Breithorn (Western Summit) | 4,160 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 4.2 Castor | 438 Schwarztor | 13 August 1813 Henri Maynard, Joseph-Marie Couttet, Jean Gras, Jean-Baptiste and Jean-Jacques Erin | ||
40 | ![]() | Jungfrau | 4,158 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 8.3 Aletschhorn | 694 Jungfraujoch | 3 August 1811 Johann Rudolf, Hieronymus Meyer, Alois Volker, Joseph Bortis | ||
41 | ![]() | Breithorn (Central Summit) | 4,154 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.7 Breithorn (Western Summit) | 73 Col to the (Western Summit) | 13 August 1813 Henri Maynard, Joseph-Marie Couttet, Jean Gras, Jean-Baptiste and Jean-Jacques Erin | ||
42 | ![]() | Bishorn | 4,151 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 0.8 Weisshorn | 90 Weisshornjoch | 18 August 1884 G. S. Barnes, R. Chessyre-Walker, Joseph Imboden, J. M. Chanton | ||
43 | ![]() | Eastern Breithorn (Eastern Summit/ western Twin Peak) | 4,138 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.8 Breithorn (Central Summit) | 120 Selle | | ||
44 | ![]() | Combin de la Tsessette | 4,132 | Grand Combin | Switzerland | 0.9 Combin de Grafeneire | 57 Col to the Combin de Grafeneire | 21 July 1894 E.F.M.Benecke and H.A.Cohen[18] | ||
45 | ![]() | Aiguille Verte | 4,122 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 7.2 Grandes Jorasses | 689 Col de l’Eboulement | 29 June 1865 Edward Whymper, Christian Almer, Franz Biner | ||
46 | Aiguilles du Diable (L’Isolée) | 4,114 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 Mont Blanc du Tacul | 36[17] Col to Mont Blanc du Tacul | 1925[19] Antoine Blanchet, Armand Charlet | |||
47 | Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey | 4,112 | Mont Blanc Group | Italy | 1.0 Mont Blanc | 178 Col de Peuterey | 31 July 1885 Henry S. King, Emile Rey, Ambros Supersaxo, Aloys Anthamatten | |||
48 | ![]() | Mönch | 4,110 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 3.5 Jungfrau | 591 Unteres Mönchsjoch | 15 August 1857 Sigismund Porges, Christian Almer, Christian and Ulrich Kaufmann | ||
49 | Grandes Jorasses (Pointe Croz) | 4,110 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 0.4 Pointe Whymper | 10[17] col with Pointe Walker | | |||
50 | Aiguilles du Diable (Pointe Carmen) | 4,109 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 L'Isolée | 36[17] col with L'Isolée | 1923[19] Brégault, Chevalier, De Lépiney | |||
51 | Breithorn (Gendarm/ eastern Twin Peak) | 4,106 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.3 Breithorn (eastern Twin Peak) | 36[17] Col to western Twin Peak | | |||
52 | Grande Rocheuse | 4,102 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.3 Aiguille Verte | 52[17] col with the Aiguille Verte | 17 September 1865 Robert Fowler, Michel Ducroz, Michel Balmat | |||
53 | ![]() | Barre des Écrins | 4,102 | Pelvoux | France | 107.3 Picco Luigi Amedeo | 2,045 Col du Lautaret | 25 June 1864 Edward Whymper, Horace Walker, Adolphus W. Moore, Christian Almer, Michel Croz | ||
54 | Aiguilles du Diable (Pointe Médiane) | 4,097 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 Pointe Carmen | 40[17] col with the Carmen | 1925[19] Antoine Blanchet, Jean Chaubert, Armand Charlet, Devouassoud | |||
55 | Pollux | 4,089 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.7 Castor | 243 Zwillingsjoch | 1 August 1864 Jules Jacot, Josef-Marie Perren, Peter Taugwalder sen. | |||
56 | ![]() | Schreckhorn | 4,078 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 5.9 Finsteraarhorn | 795 Finsteraarjoch | 1 August 1864 Leslie Stephen, Ulrich Kaufmann, Peter and Christian Michel | ||
57 | ![]() | Breithorn (Roccia Nera) | 4,075 | Wallis Alps | Italy/ Switzerland | 0.4 Zwilling-Ost | 30[17] Col to the Zwilling East | | ||
58 | Aiguilles du Diable (Pointe Chaubert) | 4,074 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 Pointe Médiane | 57[17] Col to the Médiane | 1925[19] Jean Chaubert, Armand Charlet | |||
59 | ![]() | Mont Brouillard | 4,069 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 Picco Luigi Amedeo | 39 Col Emile Rey | 1906 Karl Blodig, Oscar Eckenstein, Alessio Brocherel | ||
60 | Grandes Jorasses (Pointe Marguerite) | 4,065 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 0.2 Pointe Croz | 50[17] col with Pointe Croz | | |||
61 | Aiguilles du Diable (Corne du Diable) | 4,064 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 Pointe Chaubert | 19[17] Col to the Chaubert | 1925[19] Jean Chaubert, Armand Charlet | |||
62 | ![]() | Ober Gabelhorn | 4,063 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 3.1 Zinalrothorn | 536 Triftjoch | 6 July 1865 Horace Walker, Adolphus W. Moore, Jakob Anderegg | ||
63 | ![]() | Gran Paradiso | 4,061 | Graian Alps | Italy | 45.1 Grandes Jorasses | 1,888 Nahe Kleiner Sankt Bernhard | 4. September 1860 John J. Cowell, W. Dundas, Jean Tairraz, Michel-Clément Payot | ||
64 | ![]() | Aiguille de Bionnassay | 4,052 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 1.8 Dôme du Goûter | 164 Col de Bionnassay | 28 July 1865 E.N. Buxton, F.C. Grove, R.J.S. Macdonald, Michel Payot, Jean-Pierre Cachat | ||
65 | ![]() | Gross Fiescherhorn | 4,049 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 4.7 Mönch | 396 Fiescherjoch | 23 July 1862 Adolphus W. Moore, H. B. George, Ulrich Kaufmann, Christian Almer | ||
66 | ![]() | Piz Bernina | 4,048 | Bernina Group | Switzerland | 138 Finsteraarhorn | 2,236 Maloja Pass | 13 September 1850 Johann Coaz, Jon and Lorenz Ragut Tscharner | ||
67 | Vincent Pyramid (Punta Giordani/Giordanispetz) | 4,046 | Monte Rosa Massif | Italy | 0.1 Vincent Pyramid | 6 col with the Vincent Pyramid | 23 July 1801 Pietro Giordani [20] | |||
68 | Grandes Jorasses (Pointe Elena) | 4,045 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 0.2 Pointe Marguerite | 10[17] col with Pointe Marguerite | | |||
69 | ![]() | Grünhorn | 4,043 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 2.5 Gross Fiescherhorn | 303 Kleine Grünhornlücke | 7 August 1865 Edmund von Fellenberg, Peter Michel, Peter Egger, Peter Inäbnit | ||
70 | ![]() | Lauteraarhorn | 4,042 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 1.0 Gross Fiescherhorn | 128 Schreckhorn Saddle | 7 August 1865 Pierre Desor, Arnold Escher von der Linth, Christian Girard, Melchior Bannholzer, Jakob Leuthold | ||
71 | Aiguille du Jardin | 4,035 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.2 Grande Rocheuse | 37 col with the Rocheuse | 1 August 1904 E. Fontaine, Jean Ravanel, Léon Tournier | |||
72 | ![]() | Dürrenhorn | 4,035 | Mischabel Group | Switzerland | 0.8 Hohberghorn | 124 Dürrenjoch | 7 September 1879 Albert F. Mummery, William Penhall, Alexander Burgener, Ferdinand Imseng | ||
73 | ![]() | Allalinhorn | 4,027 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 2.1 Rimpfischhorn | 257 Alphubeljoch | 28 August 1856 Edward L. Ames, Johann Josef Imseng, Franz Josef Andenmatten | ||
74 | Hinter Fiescherhorn | 4,025 | Bernese Alps | Switzerland | 0.7 Gross Fiescherhorn | 102 Fiescher Saddle | 28 July 1885 Eugen Guido Lammer, August Lorria | |||
75 | Dôme de Rochefort | 4,015 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 0.9 Pointe Marguerite | 206 Col des Grandes Jorasses | 12 August 1881 Alphonse Payot, Michel-Clément Payot, J. Eccles | |||
76 | ![]() | Barre des Écrins (Dôme de Neige) | 4,015 | Pelvoux | France | 0.2 Barre des Écrins | 41 Brèche Lory | | ||
77 | ![]() | Weissmies | 4,013 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 11.2 Lenzspitze | 1,183 Mondelli Pass | Late August 1855 de:Jakob Christian Heusser, Peter Josef Zurbriggen | ||
78 | ![]() | Dent du Géant | 4,013 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 1.2 Dôme de Rochefort | 139 col with the Aiguille de Rochefort | 28 July 1882 Jean-Joseph, Baptiste and Daniel Maquignaz ("Pointe Sella")[Note 4] | ||
79 | Punta Baretti | 4,013 | Mont Blanc Group | Italy | 0.3 Mont Brouillard | 56 Col to the Mont Brouillard | 28 July 1880 Martino Baretti, Jean-Joseph Maquignaz | |||
80 | ![]() | Lagginhorn | 4,010 | Wallis Alps | Switzerland | 3.3 Weissmies | 512 Lagginjoch | 26 July 1856 Edward L. Ames, Johann Josef Imseng, Franz-Josef Andenmatten | ||
81 | ![]() | Aiguille de Rochefort | 4,001 | Mont Blanc Group | France/ Italy | 0.6 Dent du Géant | 106 Col to the Dôme de Rochefort | 14. August 1873 Alphonse Payot, Michel-Clément Payot, J. Eccles | ||
82 | Les Droites | 4,000 | Mont Blanc Group | France | 0.7 Grande Rocheuse | 204 Col de l’ Aiguille Verte | 7 August 1876 Thomas Middlemore, John Oakley Maund, Henri Cordier, Johann Jaun, Andreas Maurer |
Enlarged list
The following expandable table forms an extended list of 46 ‘lesser summits’ identified by the UIAA. These are either:
- secondary summits or gendarmes which satisfy the topographic criteria, but are part of other well-defined mountain summits already listed above,
- or have failed to meet the topographic criteria, but have been included through more subjective criteria (i.e. morphological or mountaineering significance).[4]
Name | Country | Height | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Rocher de la Tournette | France, Italy | 4677 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Dunantspitze | Switzerland | 4632 m | Monte Rosa Massif |
Grenzgipfel | Italy, Switzerland | 4618 m | Monte Rosa Massif |
Les Bosses | France, Italy | 4547 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
La Grande Bosse | France, Italy | 4513 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Monte Cervino Vetta Italiana/Sommet italien du mont Cervin | Italy, Switzerland | 4476,4 m | Pennine Alps |
Dom (Großer Gendarm) | Switzerland | 4468 m | Pennine Alps |
Aiguille de la Belle Etoile | Italy | 4349 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Grand Gendarme (Weisshorn) | Switzerland | 4331 m | Pennine Alps |
Pointe Mieulet | France | 4287 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Liskammnase | Italy, Switzerland | 4272 m | Pennine Alps |
Pointe Bayeux | France | 4258 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Mont Blanc du Tacul (Punkt E) | France | 4247 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Aiguille du Croissant | Switzerland | 4243 m | Pennine Alps |
Pic Tyndall | Italy, Switzerland | 4241 m | Pennine Alps |
Picco Muzio | Italy, Switzerland | 4187 m | Pennine Alps |
Entdeckungsfels (Roccia della Scoperta) | Switzerland | 4178 m | Pennine Alps |
Balmenhorn | Italy | 4167 m | Pennine Alps |
Alphubel south top | Switzerland | 4166 m | Pennine Alps |
Dent d'Hérens la Corne | Switzerland | 4148 m | Pennine Alps |
Pointe Burnaby | Switzerland | 4135 m | Pennine Alps |
Alphubel Nordostgipfel | Switzerland | 4128 m | Pennine Alps |
Alphubel Nordgipfel | Switzerland | 4116 m | Pennine Alps |
Rimpfischhorn (Großer Gendarm) | Switzerland | 4108 m | Pennine Alps |
Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey (Pointe SO) | Italy | 4107 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Pointe de l'Androsace | France, Italy | 4107 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey (Pointe NW) | Italy | 4104 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Dent Blanche (Grand Gendarme) | Switzerland | 4097 m | Pennine Alps |
Felikhorn | Italy | 4093 m | Pennine Alps |
Lenzspitze Großer Gendarm | Switzerland | 4091 m | Pennine Alps |
Wengen Jungfrau | Switzerland | 4089 m | Bernese Alps |
Combin de la Tsessette gendarme (south-east) | Switzerland | 4088 m | Pennine Alps |
Pic Lory | France | 4086 m | Dauphiné Alps |
Dent d'Hérens Gendarme Crochu | Switzerland | 4075 m | Pennine Alps |
Pilier du Diable | France | 4067 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Terzo pilastro del Col Maudit | France | 4064 m | Pennine Alps |
Pointe Bravais | France | 4057 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Pic Eccles | Italy | 4041 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Dent d'Hérens, L'Epaule | Italy, Switzerland | 4040 m | Pennine Alps |
Gendarme del Col Maudit | France | 4032 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Il Roc | Italy | 4026 m | Graian Alps |
Pointe Eveline | France | 4026 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Pointe Croux | France | 4023 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
La Spedla / Punta Perrucchetti | Italy, Switzerland | 4020 m | Bernina Range |
L'Epaule | Switzerland | 4017 m | Pennine Alps |
Piton des Italiens | France, Italy | 4003 m | Mont Blanc Massif |
Number of Alpine four-thousanders and distribution
Since no exact and formal definition of a 'mountain' exists, the number of 4000-metre summits is arbitrary. The topographic prominence is an important factor to decide the official nomination of a summit. The 'Official list' proposed by the UIAA is based not only on prominence but also on other criteria such as the morphology (general appearance) and mountaineering interest. Summits such as Punta Giordani or Mont Blanc de Courmayeur have much less than the 30 metres minimum prominence criterion but are included in the list because of the other criteria. In comparison, the official 14 eight-thousanders recognised by the UIAA have all a prominence of over 600 metres (despite a proposed expansion). A minimum prominence criterion of 300 metres[Note 5] would reduce the number of Alpine four-thousanders to only 29, whilst a prominence criterion of 100 metres would raise it to 49.[21]
The table below gives the number of four-thousanders as a function of their minimum prominence.
Minimum prominence | UIAA list | Enlarged list | Karl Blodig list | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country / Range | 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) | 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) (Ultras) | 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) | 500 metres (1,640 ft) | 300 metres (984 ft) | 200 metres (656 ft) | 100 metres (328 ft) | 30 metres (98 ft) | - | - | - |
Switzerland | 3 | 4 | 9 | 17 | 24 | 28 | 37 | 46 | 48 | 71 | 41 |
Italy | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 20 | 31 | 38 | 60 | 25 |
France | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 20 | 25 | 41 | 13 |
Pennine | 1 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 26 | 38 | 41 | 65 | 34 |
Mont Blanc | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 23 | 28 | 46 | 15 |
Bernese | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 |
Dauphiné | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Bernina | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Graian[22] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Total | 5 | 7 | 12 | 22 | 29 | 35 | 51 | 73 | 82 | 128 | 61 |
See also
- Category:Alpine three-thousanders
- List of mountain lists – list of peak-bagging lists
Notes
- ^ Cantons of Valais (45), Bern (7) and Graubünden (1)
- ^ Mont Blanc's summit is an ice cap which varies in height from year to year. It is now accurately remeasured every two years. In 2017 it was measured at 4808.72 metres.[8]
- ^ This relates to Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus, the nearest higher mountain, which can be reached by descending to this height (108 metres above the sea).
- ^ The 4 meter higher Pointe Graham was reached a month later, 20 August 1882, by William Woodman Graham guided by Auguste Cupelin and Alphonse Payot, using the fixed ropes of the first party
- ^ Such as the one used in List of prominent mountains of the Alps above 3000 m
References
- ^ "Mountain Classification – UIAA". Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ Gorączko, Marcin (31 December 2018). "Easy four-thousanders in the Alps: between alpinism and mass tourism". Geography and Tourism. 6 (2): 119–128. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2144166. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ "Liv Sansoz completes 82 x 4000m peaks in the Alps". PlanetMountain.com. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "The 4000ers of the Alps: Official UIAA List" (PDF). UIAA-Bulletin (145). March 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2010.
- ^ "List of Alpine four-thousanders". Peakbagger.com.
- ^ a b "Peakbagger". Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ "Alpsgipfel & Erstbesteiger". Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ "4808,72m: Mont Blanc's new height!". chamonix.net. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Fiche Question".
- ^ IGN Map of France (1986). St-Gervais-les-Bains - Mont Blanc (Sheet 3531 ed.). France.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Italia contro Francia". 13 September 2015.
- ^ "Italia-Francia, il duello dei confini sulla cima del Monte Bianco". 8 September 2015.
- ^ Brown, T. G. and de Beer, G. The First Ascent of Mont Blanc, 1957, p. 14
- ^ Alpine Journal, vol. XXV, p. 620
- ^ Gottlieb Studer, Über Eis und Schnee, Vol 2., p. 15
- ^ "Chronik zur Mont Blanc-Region". Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hartmut Bielefeldt. "Viertausender d Alps". Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ Alpine Club Guide Book 'Selected Climbs in the Pennine Alps Vol II', translated and adapted from the 'Guide des Alpes Valaisannes du CAS' by Robin G. Collomb. Published by The Alpine Club, London 1968.
- ^ a b c d e ALPIN-Tourenbuch. "Hochtour: Mont Blanc Du Tacul". Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ Gottlieb Studer, Über Eis und Schnee, Vol 2., p. 63
- ^ "Alpine 4000-meter Peaks". Peakbagger. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Excluding the Mont Blanc Massif
Bibliography
- Dumler, Helmut and Willi P. Burkhardt, The High Mountains of the Alps, Diadem, 1994 (ISBN 0-906371-43-0)
- Goedeke, Richard, Alpine 4000m Peaks by the Classic Routes, (2nd ed.) Menasha Ridge Press, 1997 (ISBN 0-89732-111-1)
- Goedeke, Richard, 4000er Tourenführer, Die Normalrouten auf alle Viertausender der Alpen, Bruckmann 01.04.2022 ISBN 978-3-7343-2419-2
- McLewin, Will, In Monte Viso’s Horizon: Climbing All the Alpine 4000m Peaks, Ernest Press, 1991 (ISBN 0-948153-09-1)
- Moran, Martin, The 4000m Peaks of the Alps: Selected Climbs, Alpine Club, 2007 (ISBN 0-900523-66-2)
- Club 4000, Tutti i 4000 - L'aria sottile dell'alta quota, Vivalda Editori - CAI Torino, 2010 (ISBN 88-7480-135-1)
External links
- UIAA: Mountain Classification (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation)
- Die Viertausender der Alpen (Germany, Thomas Schabarer & Daniel Roth)
- Club 4000 (Italy, Torino, Alpine Club)
- The 4000m Project (Switzerland, Zermatt, Herve Liboureau)