1536 Xichang earthquake

1536 earthquake in China

28°06′N 102°06′E / 28.1°N 102.1°E / 28.1; 102.1 ^[1]Areas affectedMing dynastyMax. intensityMMI X (Extreme)^[1]Casualtiesthousands

On 20 March 1536, Xichang (then known as Jianchang) and Mianning, Sichuan, Ming dynasty, were struck by an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.3 M_s. It had a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, and caused thousands of deaths.^[1]^[2]

Tectonic setting

Xichang lies on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which is an area of thickened crust, which has been formed by the ongoing collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The plateau is spreading laterally eastwards, to southeastwards, partly accommodated by a series of major strike-slip faults. The Sichuan–Yunnan block is bounded to the northeast and east by the left lateral Xianshuihe fault system and to the southwest by the right lateral Red River Fault. Xichang is sited at the southern end of the Anninge segment of the Xianshuihe fault system, close to its junction with the Zemuhe segment.^[3]

Earthquake

Estimates for the magnitude of this earthquake vary in the range 7.3–7.5.^[1]^[4] Although the 1850 Xichang earthquake is thought to have ruptured both the Anninge and Zemuhe segments, the 1536 event probably only ruptured the more northerly Anninge segment. This is supported by paleoseismological investigations. A trench dug across the northern end of the Anninge segment found evidence of a rupture consistent with the 1536 event but a trench across the northern end of the Zemuhe segment lacked any such evidence.^[1]^[3]^[5]

Damage

The extent of damage and casualties was reported by Yuancheng Cao, the official responsible for judging affairs in Sichuan. In Xichang all buildings were destroyed, including government offices, prisons, storehouses and houses (both military and civilian). The city walls, gates, battlements and watchtowers collapsed. Many people were crushed to death, including several senior officials.^[1]^[6] Further north in Mianning, every house was destroyed and the city walls completely collapsed and thousands were killed. Parts of the city walls also collapsed in Yuexi, Qionglai, Ya'an, Dayi and Meishan.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Significant Earthquake Information". Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b Wang, H.; Ran, Y.; Li, Y.; Gomez, F.; Chen, L. (2013). "Holocene palaeoseismologic record of earthquakes on the Zemuhe fault on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau". Geophysical Journal International. 193 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1093/gji/ggs095.
^ ^a ^b Wang, H.; Ran, Y.; Chen, L.; Li, Y. (2017). "Paleoearthquakes on the Anninghe and Zemuhe fault along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and implications for fault rupture behavior at fault bends on strike-slip faults". Tectonophysics. 721: 167–178. Bibcode:2017Tectp.721..167W. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.08.030.
^ Guo, P.; Han, Z.; Dong, S.; Mao, Z.; Hu, N.; Gao, F.; Li, J. (2021). "Latest Quaternary Active Faulting and Paleoearthquakes on the Southern Segment of the Xiaojiang Fault Zone, SE Tibetan Plateau". Lithosphere. 2021 (1). Bibcode:2021Lsphe202166379G. doi:10.2113/2021/7866379.
^ Feng, J.; Chen, L.; Han, M.; Gao, S.; Li, Y.; Lu, L.; Chen, S. (2023). "Multi-fault rupture behavior of the 1786 M 7 3/4 Kangding earthquake on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau". Frontiers in Earth Science. 11. Bibcode:2023FrEaS..1140326F. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1140326.
^ Tong, P. (2023). "The Social Impact of Earthquake Disasters in Sichuan in the Ming Dynasty". Environment, Resource and Ecology Journal. 7 (5): 51–57. doi:10.23977/erej.2023.070506.